French Revolution and Napoleonic Era Worksheet Essay

The French Revolution was a quest for liberty, and centered on people who wanted their freedom. They wanted to be treated as equal participants in the community, not as slaves for the royals or nobles. The peasants who represents more than 90% of France’s population, were working for their own families and everyone else as they paid much more in taxes. Brotherhood was the way of everyone coming together as one. Hubris is excessive pride in one’s self, people during the French Revolution did not want to admit they were wrong for what they were doing and that they did not want less entitlement then they had. Fiscal irresponsibility was brought on by the higher debts, and taxes were raised so the government could get out of the finical hole they were in. The democracy was a new construction of power where the politics were giving everyone the chance to be heard and to be equal. Technology at the beginning of the French Revolution was lacking, but as it continued throughout the years it became a resource at war. Liberty was the main goal for the French people, to be free from the poor work conditions they were in. The work environments for the peasants were horrible and needed to be changed. They were working to feed their families and the landlords. The landlords were taking all of their harvest and leaving them with nothing. The French government was not paying taxes and the lower class was paying twice as much to cover the royal community. They worked like slaves to barely get by and children were abused and be used to do more for less pay. Today we have freedom of speech, which is something that has not always been around. They were not able to stand up for themselves and they were discouraged from even thinking they were all born equal. Brotherhood was not only sticking by each other in your community but brotherhood within the church system. Christian brotherhood was part of the fraternity, one was identified by the social and religious links based on their Christian brotherhood. The second sense of the fraternity was if one were to follow the path of liberty and equality as a free pact. Brotherhood was a way of life for people during the revolution it was how they were able to find a moment of peace in all the bad around them. To act toward someone with the spirit of brotherhood is to accept them as they are, and treat them as you would want to be treated. Even if the government was not doing this, the peasants and the lower class people knew that to survive they needed each other. One person alone would die, but with people to help them along their struggle they will survive. Hubris was a big conflict in the French Revolution, between humility and the intoxication of power napoleon was his hands full of dangerous hubris. This is a natural human trait that can be negative if an individual was unstable at balancing humility and power while using his leadership skills for the good of others. Hubris in history were mostly a negative, significant opportunities that fell short and completely collapsed. The consequence for hubris to occur, is when a leader gains the flaw of hubris, so the decisions and behaviors are altered perfectly when the power starts to rise within. There were many military failures that resulted from the fatal flaw of hubris, just like in the Christian religion, Eve falls prey to the temptation to take the forbidden fruit offered by the seducer. Napoleon did things without thinking of the consequences, and only wanted to make himself  happy. Napoleon had a self-centered gratification at the expense of others, as long as he was at the top . One of the primary reasons the French Revolution began was because of the fiscal irresponsibility of the monarchy. The Clergy men paid no taxes and neither did the Nobles, as soon as they were given the name titles they were exempt from paying these for life. Since France was helping America, and still in debt from the previous war, France was in debt. The harvests were bad because of the poor weather conditions, and people began to starve. Since there was a shortage of money and food, people had to work for less and pay more. In order to make back some money, they confiscated all the church properties, to sell to the public to make extra money. Since the King was giving out money, the stock trade went up, there was relief and difficulties seemed to vanish into thin air. But, since it was money the more they printed, the lower the value of each of piece was. People blamed the rich fro saving their gold and silver, factories closed, and unemployment was on the rise. They prosecuted people who were hoarding and being greedy, they said that paper money was as good as gold. The government was the greedy one, the working class works hard for their money and they will keep it, where the rich will buy tangibles. Democracy was on the rise during the French Revolution, all centered around one thing, the rights of man. One side fought for the revolutionary new idea of democracy, and the other side was loyalist who were opposed to social reform and thought it would put the ancient British constitution into danger. The loyalist wanted their traditional values to be cherished like the church, social order, and the monarchy. The radicals believed in natural right, which everyone (not all women at the time) had the right to take part in politics, no matter what social class they belonged to. The loyalist thought that if everyone had rights and could vote on who they wanted that is would be dangerous. They did not want the poor being able to have an opinion, because there were many more poor than there were rich. The thought of being out voted and outnumbered at every election was scar some. Radicals were not afraid to say what they wanted, and they were ready to fight for those rights. Lastly, technology was being developed though out this entire revolution making things more and more complicated. While children and families sweated in mills working there was machines that were able to in and do the same job years later. The inventions of machines and hand tools, along with the use of steam and power. That all lead to the start of factories. Although all of these changes came on gradually, it happened fast for the people who had to use these new machines. The ability to weave cloth, and make yard would have taken much more time than it took with the new machines. Technology changed everything, for better or for worse. Better for the way things are made in mass, worse for the people who lose their jobs by being replaced by it. In conclusion, the French Revolution changed many things, we got a new government, technology, money, and rights as humans. Brotherhood is what kept people together when conditions got bad, even when the church properties were sold people kept their faith. Everyone played a role in this movement whether they knew it or not. The bottom will always find a way to fight and be heard where wealthy are only wealthy until they become too greedy. 2. Napoleonic Timeline For each date and location, identify the significant event that occurred and write a single-sentence description of the event. August 15, 1769 Napoleon Bonaparte was born on this day, in Ajaccio, Caosica Ajaccio, Corsica July 4, 1776 The Continental congress adopted the declaration of Independence. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania July 14, 1789 A Paris mob stormed into the Bastille Prison to show the Bourbon Monarchy,  this began the French Revolution. Paris September 21, 1792 The monarchy was abolished and France declared Republic France January 21,1793 King Louis XVI was executed on the guillotine for treason Paris August 22, 1795 the new French constitution was adopted, thus forming the Directory or Constitution of the Year III France November 15–17, 1796 A three day battle, Napoleon grabbed the flag and lead the assault across the Arcola Bridge and won Arcole, Italy 1798 Napoleon invaded and captured these countries during the Mediterranean Campaign of 1798 Malta, Egypt, and Syria November 9, 1799 Napoleon seized power and made a new regime called the Consulate, and the he was a dictator France February 9, 1801 the Treaty of Luneville was singed between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Emperor France II Lunà ©ville, France 1801 [The Concordat of 1801, July 15, 1801 Napoleon, papal, and the clerical representatives in both Rome and Paris. The Concordat was ending the breach caused by the church and confiscations Rome and Paris March 25, 1802 the Treaty of Amiens was a peace treaty signed by the French First Republic Great Britain, Spain and Netherlands. Made to put an end to the Second Coalition War, but lasted a year Amiens, France August 2, 1802 Napoleon was named consul for life, and was able to choose this own successor. France December 2, 1804 Napoleon crowned himself the emperor of France in the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. Paris October 21,1805 27 Royal Navy ships defeated 33 of Napoleon’s ships, he had not planned on fighting and lost 22 of his ships. Atlantic Ocean, near Cà ¡diz, Spain, and the Straits of Gibraltar December 26, 1805 A peace treaty between France and Austria, after Napoleon won the Battle of Austerlitz. Bratislava (Pressburg) June–November 1812 The Patriotic War, between Russia and French Army, Napoleon had a huge lose to Russia. This lead to more countries fighting back against Napoleon. Russia October 16–19, 1813 Battle of Leipzig, Russia, Prussia, Austria and Sweden all against the French Army. The largest battle before WWI. Napoleon wsa defeated, and was exiled to Elba that next spring. Leipzig, Germany April 11, 1814 Napoleon was banished from France and sent to the Mediterranean island of Elba. Paris March 20, 1815 Napoleon escaped the island and returned to Paris, regained followers and reclaimed this title as the emperor. France June 15, 1815 Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, this was the end of the French domination in Europe. Waterloo, Belgium May 5, 1821 Napoleon died from possible stomach cancer, even though some think he was poisoned. Saint Helena, South Atlantic

When Art Speaks: an Analysis of Two Artist and Two Works of Art

When Art Speaks: An Analysis of Two Artist and Two Works of Art Wanda M. Argersinger Southern New Hanpshire University When Art Speaks The Italian Renaissance produced many artists and even more works of art, but there were three artists considered to be the Trinity of Great Masters, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Raffaelo Santi, or simply Raphael. While these artists often worked in different mediums, Michelangelo preferred stone and Raphael preferred oil paint. Michelangelo and Raphael were able to portray emotions in their work.In two of these works, The Pieta and La Madonna di San Sisto, these artists were able to bring to works of art the raw emotions felt by their subjects. Though their works are quite different, what they portrayed was often quite similar. One of Raphael’s works called Raphael’s Angels (San Sisto, 1513-1514), speaks to me in many ways. I was familiar with these two cherubs in the Sistine Madonna as they are often copied and hung in offices a nd homes. But it was only recently that I discovered that these two smiling cherubs belong to a larger work of art.These two well-known cherubs are part of a larger oil painting done on canvas titled La Madonna di San Sisto or Sistine Madonna. It was a commissioned piece and the last of Raphael’s Madonnas. When the cherubs are seen alone they are often called Raphael’s Angels, The Sistine Cherubs, and Raphael’s Two Putti. Most of the works of art during the Renaissance had strong religious connections and were done for the church with the intent that it would reside in the church. When we think of this period in art we most often think of Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel.While Raphael’s Sistine Madonna is in oil, it was done on a flax covered wall in the Benedictine monastery church and was not permanent. The full painting, The Sistine Madonna, shows Mary holding the baby Jesus, sans halo, with two Saints. The cherubs sit at the very bottom of the pic ture, almost out of place. Their cherubic faces and expressions, in my opinion, belie the magnificence and holiness of the rest of the art work. They look puzzled and somewhat bored, a bit mischievous and not at all reverent.The colors are similar to others used during this period but do not contain all the colors used by Michelangelo in his painting of The Sistine Chapel. They are not bright or harsh, but rather muted. There is sparing use of red and blue, but show more use of brown and gold. The curtains and clothes are dark. The images have little shadowing, showing only under the feet of Mary and one of the saints. The lines of the painting show an opened curtain and clouds on which Mary and the saints stand.The cherubs appear to be leaning on a solid surface that is, in fact, the very bottom of the painting, which is the only straight line of the piece. The clothes appear to be flowing, captured by the use of curved lines and shadowing in the folds. The light source appears to be the clouds which are the brightest of the piece. Personally, it is the cherubs that speak to me, and not the entire work of art. I like the playfulness they show in their eyes. I like the idea that not all religious work is completely serious and that some fun exists in religion.Intellectually, I wonder what the purpose Raphael had in including them in a Church commissioned work. This work is much like other works of the time – religious in nature, done in oil, and displayed in a house of worship. No doubt that Rafael was influenced by other artists and the trend in art of the time, and yet from this one work of art, it appears that the artist himself shows his own unique style simply by including the cherubs and their quizzical looks. During this same time period, the famous Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel.Though he may be remembered as a painter, he considered himself a sculptor and completed many statues during his lifetime. One in particular, his Pieta, (Rome, 1498) speaks to me in many ways. The Pieta is a marble statue of Mary holding Christ after he was removed from the cross. He lies straddled across her lap with her looking down on him with a solemn face and closed eyes. When looking at the piece it would be difficult not to see the pain of a woman who has lost someone dear to them.Certainly you can see the grief of Mary for the loss of Jesus, but you can also see the grief of many women who have lost someone they love. I am reminded of all women who grieve for the loss of a child. Done in marble, the statue appears to glisten in places and yet seems darker and in others. The lines capture the image of the human form and the folds of the clothes Mary wears. The hard stone she sits upon is barely seen and does not distract from the movement of the other aspects of the piece. Her face appears shaded under the scarf on her head, while light reflects off the body of Christ.The statue shows marvelous detail of Christ’s body includi ng the holes in his hands where he was nailed to the cross. Upon close observance of the statue one can see that Mary does not touch Jesus skin to skin but has a garment under her right hand, while her left hand is away from the body with her palm up. During his life Michelangelo worked for the church under Pope Julius II and for the Medici family that ruled Rome. The majority of his work was religious in nature, as seen in The Pieta and another famous sculpture he did of David.He designed the tombs for the Medici family and also the Medici Chapel. Michelangelo’s work, along with Raphael’s works, follow the works of the time, most being not only religious in nature, but based on the Christian religion and following stories from the Bible. Both painting and sculpting were popular forms of art and capturing the body through use of religious figures played a major part in the subject matters. Whether done in marble, clay, or oil, the pieces of art capture the emotions of life, the human form in almost absolute detail, and the thoughts of society at the time.With Italy being the center of Catholicism and home to the main church, it is no wonder that the majority of the art works during this period are religious in nature. Add to that the fact that many of the pieces were commissioned by one or more arms of the church religion was certainly the major influence on many of the artists. Topalski, Art In Creation, Rapahel’s Angels, Retrieved from http://www. topalski. com/2012/artworks-in-progress-fine-art-in-creation/raphael%E2%80%99s-angels/ Garden of Praise, Pieta, Retrieved from http://www. gardenofpraise. com/art50. htm

Explain how and why the LIGHT BULB works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Explain how and why the LIGHT BULB works - Essay Example To understand how the light bulb works one needs to know the basic physics behind light energy. Light is the energy that atoms release. It is composed of small particles or energy packets. These particles have momentum and have zero mass. These are called photons and constitute the basic unit of light. When an atom releases photons, it indicates that the electrons in that atom have become excited or possess a higher level of energy. Electrons are negatively charged particles and orbit around the nucleus of an atom. These electrons have set orbital pattern; an atom has different levels of these orbits. Each electron revolves in fixed orbit based on the energy it possesses.1 The speed and distance from the nucleus also determined on which level an electron revolves. The general principle is when an electron possesses higher energy level it is further away from the nucleus. In principle when an atom loses or gains energy this energy change is exhibited through the motions of the electrons. An electron might get a temporary boost in its energy level and jump to a higher orbit. This action is temporary, and an electron holds this position for merely a fraction of a second. And in an instant it returns to its original position. When an electron returns to its lower energy level, it releases this extra energy or a photon; this is the fundamental principle of what goes on inside lightbulb. To understand how this phenomenon is implemented in this tool we need to look at the structure of the lightbulb. Lightbulb has a simple structure. It has two metal contacts at the base connecting the ends of an electrical circuit. The metal contacts are connected to two stiff wires that are attached to a thin metal filament. This filament sits in the middle of the bulb supported by a glass mount. This filament and the connecting wires are surrounded by a glass bulb2. The glass bulb has no oxygen in it (Nobleman, 2003).

Theory and Practice of Leadership Research Paper

Theory and Practice of Leadership - Research Paper Example Thus, the managers require identifying the leadership approaches which can help in the integration of marketing activities and also help the employees in achieving their personal and professional goals. Leadership has been defined â€Å"essentially contested concept† (Godwin, Neck & Houghton, 2000, p.161). The concept has been regarded very different from management and not for the reasons employee think but because of its exotic and charismatic traits. Traditional theorist regarded leadership as integrated approach which laid emphasis on team work and had the ability to influence its followers. Traditionally, the relationship between employer and employee resembled almost to man servant relationship which has been replaced by superior subordinate relationship. The leadership theories occurred in various groups which helped in the emergence of various innovative ideas and also in the improvement of the existing features. A high quality relationship between the employer and emp loyee is actually a result of the dyadic approach between the leaders and subordinates. The dynamic relationship between the management and subordinates would lead to positive interactions between the employers and employees. Innovativeness is closely related to leadership as it is regarded as the key goal of the organization. It helps in the accomplishment of goals and objectives through proper and innovative methods and has a positive impact on the organizational performance. As per traditional theorists leadership helps in creation of a congenial organizational climate. There are various facets of leadership theories and one of them is the leader member followership relationship which helps in constructing problem solving solutions. These also help in enhancement of follower efficacy and in inculcating innovativeness among the organizational members. Situational Leadership Although, several theorists introduced the concept of leadership and various other leadership styles, situat ional leadership was the first theory which focused on the effectiveness of leadership style. Presently, no theorist believes that there is a singular leadership theory which can contribute effectively in managing various situational crises. Several situational theories were developed to highlight the leadership style which is apt for every manager under various managerial circumstances. These situational theories are highly dependent upon factors like the particular situation, task, people, environmental variables and organization. Fiedler had proposed a situational theory which proposed that there is no singular way of handling particular situation (Bolen, 2004). He proposed that a particular leadership style should be selected as per the managerial situation (Bolen, 2004).A distinction should be made between the task and relationship oriented managers. Task oriented manager’s lays emphasis on the present tasks in hand than on the enhancement of the leader member relationsh ip. These kind of managers focus on the organizational structure, task delegated to the members and the position and power of the employees. Relationship oriented managers excel in most of the situations and their managerial style resembles participative style of leadership. According to theorists Hersey

Public and private Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public and private - Essay Example Women tend to suffer more economic and emotional Regression than a man. The reasons are manifold. Firstly, many of them were providing for their kids singlehandedly, with a little or no help from their former husbands. Secondly, gender bias also affects the availability of opportunities in job market. As a result most of them remained Underpaid and over burdened with increasing budget deficit. However, a small number of these women that Arendell called â€Å"a unique sub group† did not show similar desperation as majority of the others did. According to Rendell most of them had a substantial support system from either their parents or legal settlement of property or their marriage experience was so unbearably painful that even a sense of Liberation could make them sufficiently optimistic. (Arendell, 1986) Thus, the study discussed in the present article Shows that a divorced woman in America is largely a victim of socioeconomic deprivation and is surrounded by a strange fear o f unpredictable future. This together with the psychological pressure, Complexes and Dilemmas rob them off all capacities to see a ray of light at the end of the tunnel. Increasingly common phenomenon i.e. â€Å"divorce†. The women interviewed were all passing through a Phase where they experience painful surprises on every day basis. A situation where just cost cutting Does not help let alone maintaining the pre divorced standard of living. Another very significant Concept discussed was the plight of single parenting which has both financial and emotional Repercussions. The article also touched upon the gender inequality in work opportunities and the Amount of social downturn a woman experience as opposed to man, as Peterson discussed in his book â€Å"Women, Work and Divorce† and I quote ,† Divorced women, like other women continue to be at a disadvantage in labor market. The level of occupational

Feedback and its importance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Feedback and its importance - Essay Example in organizations) or in universities. Since the key objective of providing feedbacks is to inform the individuals concerned regarding their performance, and give them objective opinions, it helps them to understand their strengths and weaknesses and utilize their capabilities to the optimum, and hence pave way for self-growth. Furthermore, feedback helps in identifying the problem areas or areas of concern and develops ways to overcome the shortcomings. For instance, in terms of organizational learning, the managers periodically evaluate the job performance of their workers and employees, and provide them feedback on the basis of a thorough assessment. Such an assessment can then be used by the workers to identify gaps in their performance and use the same to increase their productivity (Anderson 1990; Kluger & Denisi 1996). Similarly, feedback in universities, which are given in the form of grades or critique of their work, helps the students in identifying the areas in which they e xcel and those where they need to put in more effort. Various schools and universities also enable teacher feedback, whereby the students assess the performance of their teachers. It is only through feedback, that any substantial and positive change can be hoped to be achieved.

Research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Research methods - Essay Example For instance, no two elderly Pakistani males are alike, neither are two young English females, and such is a situation among the appearing academic intellectuals of today. Therefore, an open-minded social scientist (especially sociology student) might find it important to find out why some people are more likely to reach educational success than others. This is the question posed within the context of this research proposal, and research hypotheses can be taken from the review of related writings created by competent social scientists, who have dealt a lot with social class stratification. For social scientists this issue is extremely important within the general frames of describing social stratification and inequality based on person’s origin. Several researches, conducted in different time periods can be a good basis for changes in social and immigration policies and might satisfy scientific interest of researchers. A number of sociologists wrote on their ideas about the reasons for different academic success in the society, where higher education is widely available. Their concepts imply that individuals may have experienced contradictory influences toward academic success in part because of their race or socio-economic condition. â€Å"The different variables, in turn, can be shown to affect the level of academic success some persons achieve. The ethnicity of an individual is believed by many to have a strong correlation with the level of academic success achieved by that particular ethnic group† (Murphy, 1986, p.501). Furthermore, many people belonging to the same race live in the same areas. For instance, refugees or immigrants from the Muslim world tend to concentrate in certain urban and rural settings that have comparatively low socio-economic status, which may be associated with the lower levels of educational success achieved in this area, among